Assalamu\'alaykum. Muslim female doctors in training usually get adult males for a Well-Adult physical check-up (annual preventive medicine care). Ideally he should be examined for hernias, and told/shown about self-checking for testicular cancers, prostate etc. How muslim female doctors (esp when are in the period of training to become a specialist) could go about it? a) Can they refuse the physical examination citing religious reasons? do we have any reference to that in Islamic ethics? b) If a muslim female doctor wants to request for a chaperone, should it be a male (a/c to Western medical ethics, I believe the chaperone has to be of the same gender as that of the patient, but I dont think it will be Islamically correct) or a female? Also in this US era of audit and suing,it could lead doctors into trouble some time if you dont do or ask for such physical examinations? Is there any document on islamic medical ethics? Lastly, does the wudu of doctor break when he or she perform a vaginal exam on a woman? Jazakum Allahu khayran Wassalam

All praise be to Allah and may His peace and blessings be on His final and greatest messenger, Muhammad.
Dear enquirer,
In general, the burden is on the patient to seek a same sex physician. It is allowable for the doctor to examine members of the opposite sex. However, for such sensitive exams, the Muslim physician should only perform them when warranted, and they must avoid them as long as that avoidance will not harm the patient or the physician.
In a Muslim country, every effort should be made to have same sex physicians and nurses. For the Muslims in the west or those who do not have the above alternative, the woman physician may avoid to her best ability such sensitive exams, and once she can specialize in a field that will spare her exposure to such predicaments, she should do that.
As for the wudu’, it will not break since the physician will be wearing gloves.
Allah knows best.